In 1997, the APA introduced a project called Growing Smart and published the "Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planning and the Management of Change." The U.S. One of the earliest efforts to establish smart growth forward as an explicit regulatory framework were put forth by the American Planning Association (APA). Some of these regulatory approaches such as urban growth boundaries predate the use of the term "smart growth". Smart growth "principles" describe the elements of community that are envisioned and smart growth "regulations" describe the various approaches to implementation, that is, how federal, state, and municipal governments choose to fulfill smart growth principles. Some of the fundamental aims for the benefits of residents and the communities are increasing family income and wealth, providing safe walking routes to schools, fostering livable, safe and healthy places, stimulating economic activity (both locally and regionally), and developing, preserving and investing in built and natural resources. Smart growth principles are directed at developing sustainable communities that provide a greater range of transportation and housing choices and prioritize infill and redevelopment in existing communities rather than development of " greenfield" farmland or natural lands. Proponents seek to distinguish smart growth from urban sprawl, which they claim causes most of the problems that fuel opposition to urban growth, such as traffic congestion and environmental degradation. The term "smart growth" is an attempt to reframe the conversation from "growth" versus "no growth" (or NIMBY) to good/smart growth versus bad/dumb growth. Its proponents include urban planners, architects, developers, community activists, and historic preservationists. Smart growth is a theory of land development that accepts that growth and development will continue to occur, and so seeks to direct that growth in an intentional, comprehensive way. Its sustainable development goals are to achieve a unique sense of community and place expand the range of transportation, employment, and housing choices equitably distribute the costs and benefits of development preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources and promote public health. Smart growth values long-range, regional considerations of sustainability over a short-term focus. In Europe and particularly the UK, the terms " compact city", " urban densification" or "urban intensification" have often been used to describe similar concepts, which have influenced government planning policies in the UK, the Netherlands and several other European countries. The term "smart growth" is particularly used in North America. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. The Ballston neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia is a transit-oriented development zone, one example of the smart growth concept.
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